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Biology by sandeep sir

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Taxonomical aids

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October 12, 2023

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Biological classification

October 09, 2023

Biological classification Biological classification is defined as the process of grouping the organisms according to certain similarities Linnaeus proposed the two kingdoms of classification. He classified organism into animal kingdom as Animalia and plant kingdom as Plantae. There were certain limitations associated with two kingdom classification such as- it does not differentiate between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms, and photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms. Five kingdom classifications R.H. Whittaker proposed the five kingdoms of classification. The five kingdoms classification is as follows- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. The classification was based on thallus organization, cell structure, mode of nutrition, phylogenetic relationship, and reproduction. Fig.1. Five kingdom classifications Kingdom Monera...

Human reproduction

October 08, 2023

Basic Steps in Human Reproduction: 1. Gametogenesis 2. Insemination 3. Fertilization 4. Blastocyst development 5. Implantation 6. Embryo development 7. Parturition 3.1: Male Reproductive System The male reproductive system has four main parts: 1. Testes 2. Accessory ducts 3. Glands 4. External Genitalia Testes (singular Testis): • Situated in the pelvic region outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch called as scrotum. • Scrotum is a small muscular sac that contains and protects the testes. It is a part of the external male genitalia and is located behind the penis. • The testes are placed outside the abdominal cavity so as to maintain a temperature that is 2-2.5◦C lower than the average human body temperature. • The lower temperature in testes is required for spermatogenesis as the normal human body temperature can lead to mutation in the sperms. • Testis is oval in shape. It is 4-5cm long and 2-3cm wide. • Each testis has about 250 compartments called as Testicular lobules Ea...

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